|
Space flight by means of wormholes is described whereby the traditional rocket propulsion approach can be abandoned
in favor of a new paradigm involving the manipulation of space-time. NASA has official programs based on space ships using
space-time manuilipations and other different types of star ship designs. All these star ship designs are based on hard science
and technology. The hard science studies dated back to the year 1960 with Bussard interstellar ramjets. Recently Hubble Space
Telescope Institute has confirmed the existence of 50 billion black holes located at the heart of 50 billion galaxies within
our known universe. The close exanimation of our Milky Way galaxy black hole
has confirm the possibility of wormholes at the center of each black hole is a common natural occurrence. For the last twenty
scientists and engineers have using the information on black holes found in nature to projected a potential space-time manipulation
based on lasers, gravity wave effects and electromagnetic energy. In other words the right of different energies, electric
energy, and magnetic energy patterns can produced man made black holes. The Exotic
Technologies Institute will provide large-scale grants for space craft propulsion system protypes based on space-time manipulation. The Exotic Technologies Institute R&D grants can be used for the development of
spacecraft protypes. The mass produced cheap energy generation devices can provide
energy for the aforementioned propulsion systems. The current and future table top laser systems can be used for the creation
of high laser beams, high power electric and magnetic fields generation needed by the magnetically charged worm hole space
craft propulsion These scientists are Mark Tomion, Hal Puthoff Migeul Alcubierre Moya, Alan C.Holt, Robert Bussard and Eric Davis have developed their star ship designs.
Three of out four scientists are developing their own technological version of space-time manipulation propulsion system.
Eric Davis is creator of the WHIP propulsion systems. Eric Davis has written
for the National Institute for Discovery Science in Las Vegas, Nevada. Alan Holt and Hal Puthoff are working together on the
same propulsion system. . Meanwhile Miguel Accurribe Moya is working on the Alcubierre
Warp Drive system. The Alcubierre Warp Drive system made the television news
reports and the front story of the Scientific American magazines. These exotic space propulsion systems have many things in
common. All three propulsion systems have a strong foundation in real life science and technology. All three propulsion systems
are based on the creation of wormholes and the use of electric fields and magnetic fields. In 1994
Miguel Alcubierre Moya, then at the University of Wales at Cardiff, discovered a very powerful solution to Einstein's equations.
Miguel Alcubierre Moya has created a solution for space-time flight that has many of the desired features of science fiction
warp drive. The Alcubierre solution is a method for conveying a starship at arbitrarily
high speeds .The idea was named the Alcubierre Warp Drive. The Alcubierre Warp Drive does describe a space-time bubble that
transports a starship at arbitrarily high speeds relative to observers outside the bubble.What is mean by arbitrarily high
speed is that the traveler can pick the speed of flight to any destination. You reach the Moon it one billionth of a second
if you chose it. In also means that you can travel faster than the above example. If you chose you can have breakfast on Earth
then rocket off to outer space and arrive for lunch on a planet in the Andromeda galaxy. Then you can return for dinner on
the planet Earth. Maybe it might repeat might mean that you have breakfast on Earth then fly to any and all points within
the entire Universe. You can a dinner or lunch at the end of the Universe 20 billion light years If such a Alcubierre warp
drive or any other type of faster than light drive was possible then potential space tourism and space exploration would under
go explosive growth. After all then all tourism spots on Earth and our entire solar system could reach within one nanosecond. The explosive growth for potential faster than light space tourism could bring new
meaning to making a dinner at The Restaurant at The End of The Universe within our lifetimes. Calculations
show that negative energy or negative matter is required. In physics like all matter is another form of energy. Warp drive
might appear to violate Einstein's special theory of relativity. But special relativity says that you cannot outrun a light
signal in a fair race in which you and the signal follow the same route. When space-time is warped, it might be possible to
beat a light signal by taking a different route, a shortcut. The contraction of space-time in front of the bubble and the
expansion behind it create such a shortcut. Remember the Alcurierre space-time bubble is the closest that modern physics comes
to the "warp drive" of science fiction. Space-time contracts at the front of the bubble, reducing the distance to the destination,
and expands at its rear, increasing the distance from the origin (arrows). The ship itself stands still relative to the space
immediately around it; crewmembers do not experience any acceleration. Negative energy (blue) is required on the sides of
the bubble. According to Einstein's
theory of gravity, general relativity, the presence of high energy density, large amount of condensed matter and energy warps
the geometric fabric of space and time. What we perceive as gravity is the space-time distortion produced by normal, positive
energy or mass. But when negative energy or mass–so-called exotic matter–bends space-time. Negative matter and
negative energy can cause all sorts of amazing phenomena might become possible: traversable wormholes. The traversable worm
holes, which could act as tunnels to otherwise distant parts of the universe. The warp drive, which would allow for faster-than-light
travel for space probes and space explorers permit journeys into the unknown
environment .Negative energy could even be used to make support systems for or use it to destroy black holes. The concept
of negative energy is not pure fantasy; some of its effects have even been produced in the laboratory. They arise from Heisenberg's
uncertainty principle, which requires that the energy density of any electric, magnetic or other field fluctuate randomly.
Even when the energy density is zero on average, as in a vacuum, it fluctuates. Thus, the quantum vacuum can never remain
empty in the classical sense of the term; it is a roiling sea of "virtual" particles spontaneously popping in and out of existence
[see "Exploiting Zero-Point Energy," by Philip Yam; SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, December In quantum theory, the usual notion of zero
energy corresponds to the vacuum with all these fluctuations. So if one can somehow contrive to dampen the undulations, the
vacuum will have less energy than it normally does–that is, less than zero energy. Waves of light ordinarily have a
positive or zero energy density at different points in space . But in a so-called squeezed state, the energy density at a
particular instant in time can become negative at some locations. To compensate, the peak positive density must increase.
As an example, researchers in quantum optics have created special states of fields in which destructive quantum interference
suppresses the These so-called squeezed vacuum states involve negative energyAnother method for producing negative energy introduces geometric boundaries
into a space. In 1948 Dutch physicist Hendrik B. G. Casimir showed that two uncharged parallel metal plates alter the vacuum
fluctuations in such a way as to attract each other. The energy density between the plates was later calculated to be negative.
In effect, the plates reduce the fluctuations in the gap between them; this creates negative energy and pressure, which pulls
the plates together. The narrower the gap, the more negative the energy and pressure, and the stronger is the attractive force.
The Casimir effect has recently been measured by Steve K. Lamoreaux of Los Alamos National Laboratory and by Umar Mohideen
of the University of California at Riverside and his colleague Anushree Roy. Similarly, in the 1970s Paul C. W. Davies and
Stephen A. Fulling, then at King's College at the University of London, predicted that a moving boundary, such as a moving
mirror, could produce a flux of negative energy. For both the Casimir effect and squeezed states, researchers have measured
only the indirect effects of negative energy. Direct detection is more difficult but might be possible using atomic spins,
as Peter G. Grove, then at the British Home Office, Adrian C. Ottewill, then at the University of Oxford, and one of us (Ford)
suggested in 1992.The black
hole is not the only curved region of space-time where negative energy seems to play a role. Another is the worm hole - a
hypothesized type of tunnel that connects one region of space and time to another. Physicists used to think that wormholes
exist only on the very finest length scales, bubbling in and out of existence like virtual particles [see "Quantum Gravity,
by Bryce S. DeWitt; SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, December 1983]. In the early 1960s physicists Robert Fuller and John A. Wheeler showed
that larger wormholes would collapse under their own gravity so rapidly that even a beam of light would not have enough time
to travel through them.But in the late 1980s various researchers - notably Michael S. Morris and Kip S. Thorne of the California
Institute of Technology and Matt Visser of Washington University - found otherwise. Certain wormholes could in fact be made
large enough for a person or spaceship. Someone might enter the mouth of a wormhole stationed on Earth, walk a short distance
inside the wormhole and exit the other mouth in, say, the Andromeda galaxy. The catch is that traversable wormholes require
negative energy. Because negative energy is gravitationally repulsive, it would prevent the wormhole from collapsingFor a wormhole to be traversable, it ought
to (at bare minimum) allow signals, in the form of light rays, to pass through it. Light rays entering one mouth of a wormhole
are converging, but to emerge from the other mouth, they must defocus - in other words, they must go from converging to diverging
somewhere in between [see illustration below]. This defocusing requires negative energy. Whereas the curvature of space produced
by the attractive gravitational field of ordinary matter acts like a converging lens, negative energy acts like a diverging
lens. Waves of light ordinarily have a positive or zero energy density at different points in space (top). But in a so-called
squeezed state, the energy density at a particular instant in time can become negative at some locations (bottom). To compensate,
the peak positive density must increase.Negative energy is so strange that one might think it must violate some law of physics. Before and after the creation
of equal amounts of negative and positive energy in previously empty space, the total energy is zero, so the law of conservation
of energy is obeyed. But there are many phenomena that conserve energy yet never occur in the real world. A broken glass does
not reassemble itself, and heat does not spontaneously flow from a colder to a hotter body. Such effects are forbidden by
the second law of thermodynamics. This general principle states that the degree of disorder of a system–its entropy–cannot
decrease on its own without an input of energy. Thus, a refrigerator, which pumps heat from its cold interior to the warmer
outside room, requires an external power source. Similarly, the second law also forbids the complete conversion of heat into
workNegative energy potentially
conflicts with the second law. Imagine an exotic laser, which creates a steady outgoing beam of negative energy. Conservation
of energy requires that a byproduct be a steady stream of positive energy. One could direct the negative energy beam off to
some distant corner of the universe, while employing the positive energy to perform useful work. This seemingly inexhaustible
energy supply could be used to make a perpetual-motion machine and thereby violate the second law. If the beam were directed
at a glass of water, it could cool the water while using the extracted positive energy to power a small motor–providing
a refrigerator with no need for external power. These problems arise not from the existence of negative energy per se but
from the unrestricted separation of negative and positive energy.Unfettered negative energy would
also have profound consequences for black holes. When a black hole forms by the collapse of a dying star, general relativity
predicts the formation of a singularity, a region where the gravitational field becomes infinitely strong. At this point,
general relativity–and indeed all known laws of physics–is unable to say what happens next. This inability is
a profound failure of the current mathematical description of nature. So long as the singularity is hidden within an event
horizon, however, the damage is limited. The description of nature everywhere outside of the horizon is unaffected. For this
reason, Roger Penrose of Oxford proposed the cosmic censorship hypothesis: there can be no naked singularities, which are
unshielded by event horizonsFor special types of charged or rotating black holes– known as extreme black holes–even
a small increase in charge or spin, or a decrease in mass, could in principle destroy the horizon and convert the hole into
a naked singularity. Attempts to charge up or spin up these black holes using ordinary matter seem to fail for a variety of
reasons. One might instead envision producing a decrease in mass by shining a beam of negative energy down the hole, without
altering its charge or spin, thus subverting cosmic censorship. One might create such a beam, for example, using a moving
mirror. In principle, it would require only a tiny amount of negative energy to produce a dramatic change in the state of
an extreme black hole. Therefore, this might be the scenario in which negative energy is the most likely to produce macroscopic
effects.Eric Davis has called his propulsion concept "Wormhole Induction Propulsion"
or WHIP. It is speculated that future WHIP spacecraft could deploy ultrahigh magnetic fields along with exotic matter- energy
fields (e.g. radial electric or magnetic fields, Casmir energy field, etc.) in space to create a wormhole and then apply conventional
space propulsion to move through the throat to reach the other side in a matter of minutes or days, whence the spacecraft
emerges several AU's or light-years away from its starting point. The requirement
for conventional propulsion in WHIP spacecraft would be strictly limited by the need for short travel through the wormhole
throat as well as for orbital maneuvering near distant worlds. The integrated system comprising the magnetic induction/exotic
field wormhole and conventional propulsion units could be called WHIPIT or "Wormhole Induction Propulsion Integrated Technology." A candidate for breakthrough propulsion physics has been identified in the form
of a traversable wormhole created by virtue of ultrahigh magnetic or electric fields with an additional exotic energy component.
Maccone (1995) claimed that cylindrically symmetric ultrahigh magnetic (electric) fields could create a traversable wormhole
in the Morris and Thorne (1988) framework. It has been shown that this is incorrect. Instead, a hypercylinder curvature effect
having a position dependent gravitational potential is induced. This effect can be used to create a wormhole by patching the
hyper cylinder envelope to a throat that is induced by either radically stressing the ultrahigh field or employing additional
exotic energy. Maccone correctly showed that the magnetic induced gravitational field there slows the speed of light through
the hypercylinder region. This suggests a way to perform laboratory experiments
whereby one could apply an ultrahigh magnetic field in a vacuum. Thereby creating a hyper cylinder curvature effect The device
can measure the speed of a light beam through it. While chemical explosive/implosive magnetic induction technology has achieved
static field strengths of ~ several x 103 Tesla, the peak rate-of-rise of field is ~ 109 Tesla/sec.
Field strengths > 109 - 1010 Tesla would need to be generated
to impart a measurable slowing of light speed in this protype. It is proposed that the peak rate-of-rise of field be exploited
as a means to achieve this goal in the near-term. Magnetic induction technologies based on nuclear explosives/implosives may
need to be considered in order to achieve results of larger magnitude. Currently high-powered table lasers show that they
generate magnetic field comparatively t o a black hole. Therefore the tabletop laser based WHIP protypes or other non-nuclear
methods of magnetic generation technology are safer technology. A Wormhole Induction Propulsion system has been introduced
to exploit the possibilities of traversable wormholes. The WHIP spacecraft will
have multifunction integrated technology for propulsion. The Wormhole Induction Propulsion
Integrated Technology (WHIPIT) would entail two modes. The first mode is an advanced conventional system (chemical, nuclear
fission/fusion, ion/plasma, antimatter, etc.), which would provide propulsion through the wormhole throat, orbital maneuvering
capability near stellar or planetary bodies, and spacecraft attitude control and orbit corrections. An important system driver
affecting mission performance and cost is the overall propellant mass-fraction required for this mode. A desirable constraint
limiting this to acceptable (low) levels should be that an advanced conventional system would regenerate its onboard fuel
supply internally or that it obtain and process its fuel supply from the situ space environment. Other important constraints
and/or performance requirements to consider for this propulsion mode would include specific impulse, thrust, energy conversion
schemes, etc The second WHIPIT mode is the star drive component. This would provide
the necessary propulsion to rapidly move the spacecraft over interplanetary or interstellar distances through a traversable
wormhole. The system would generate a static, cylindrically symmetric ultrahigh magnetic field to create a hyper cylinder
curvature envelope (gravity well) near the spacecraft to pre-stress space into a pseudo-wormhole configuration. The radius
of the hyper cylinder envelope should be no smaller than the largest linear dimension of the spacecraft. As the spacecraft
is gravitated into the envelope, the field-generator system then changes the cylindrical magnetic field into a radial configuration
while giving it a tension that is greater than its energy density. A traversable
wormhole throat is then induced near the spacecraft where the hyper cylinder and throat geometries are patched together. The
conventional propulsion mode then kicks on to nudge the spacecraft through the throat and sends its occupants on their way
to adventure. This scenario would apply if ultrahigh electric fields were employed instead. If optimization of wormhole throat
(geometry) creation and hyperspace tunneling distance requires a fully exotic energy field to thread the throat, then the
propulsion system would need to be capable of generating and deploying a Casimir (or other exotic) energy field. Although
ultrahigh magnetic/electric and exotic field generation schemes are speculative, further discussion is beyond the scope of
this paper and will be left for future work. Maccone (1995)
extended Levi-Civita's 1917 magnetic gravity solution to the Morris and Thorne (1988) wormhole solution and claimed that static
homogeneous magnetic/electric fields can create space-time curvature manifesting itself as a traversable wormhole. Furthermore,
Maccone showed that the speed of light through this curvature region is slowed by the magnetic (or electric) induced gravitational
field there. Maccone's analysis immediately
suggests a way to perform laboratory experiments whereby one could apply a powerful static homogeneous magnetic field in a
vacuum, thereby creating space-time curvature, and measure the speed of a light beam through it. Magnetic fields employed
in this scenario must achieve magnitudes 1010 Tesla in order for measurable effects to appear. Current magnetic induction technology is limited to static fields
of ~ several x 103 Tesla.
However, destructive chemical (implosive/explosive) magnetic field generation technology has reached peak rate-of-rise field
strengths of ~ 109 Tesla/sec. It is proposed that this technology be
exploited to take advantage of the high rate-of-rise field strengths to create and measure space-time curvature in the lab. Rapid interplanetary and interstellar space flight by means of space-time wormholes
is possible, in principle, whereby the traditional rocket propulsion approach can be abandoned in favor of a new paradigm
involving the use of space-time manipulation. In this situation, the light speed barrier becomes irrelevant and spacecraft
no longer need to carry large mass fractions of traditional chemical or nuclear propellants and related infrastructure over
distances larger than several astronomical units (AU). Travel time over very large distances will be reduced by orders of magnitude. Einstein published his General
Theory of Relativity (GTR) in 1915. In 1917, physicist Tullio Levi-Civita read a paper before the Academy of Rome about creating
artificial gravitational fields (space-time curvature) by virtue of static homogeneous magnetic or electric fields as a solution
to the GTR equations. In 1988, Morris and Thorne published an exact solution to the GTR equations, which describe the creation
of traversable wormholes in space-time by virtue of exotic (mass-energyr c2
< stress-energy t ) matter-energy fields (see figures 1 and 2). Visser (1995)
has extended and added to the knowledge base of this research. The essential features of these solutions are that wormholes
possess a traversable throat in which there is no horizon or singularity. For
the purpose of this study, we also impose the additional constraint that travel through the wormhole is causal, although,
this is not a necessary constraint in general. When these properties are employed together with the GTR field equations, it
becomes necessary to introduce an exotic material in the wormhole's throat, which generates its space-time curvature. Maccone (1995) extended and matched Levi-Civita's solution to the Morris and Thorne
solution and claimed that the earlier describes a wormhole in space-time. More specifically, Maccone claims that static homogeneous
magnetic/electric fields with cylindrical symmetry can create space-time curvature, which manifests itself as a traversable
wormhole. Although the claim of inducing space-time curvature is correct, Levi-Civita's metric solution is not a wormhole.
A near-term lab experiment based on Maccone's analysis will be discussed. It is my intent to introduce a new space propulsion
concept, which employs the creation of traversable wormholes by virtue of ultrahigh magnetic fields in conjunction with exotic
matter-energy fields Therefore the US Department of Energy and NASA have NASA
scientist and inventor Alan C. Holt had created space propulsion system back in 1980.
This space propulsion system is based on high-powered lasers, electromagnetic energy patterns and the physics of wormholes.
Alan C. Holt had called his own spacecraft propulsion system COFERS-. The title
of actual current propulsion system project is the Space Testing of Electromagnetic ally Sensitive Materials for Breakthrough
Propulsion Physics. The concept was presented to NASA and the aerospace community at the 35th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit June 21,1999. The
presentation was given by Alan Holt is senior member at the NASA Johnson Space Center, Eric Davis PhD, National Institute
for Discovery Science, Hal Puthoff PhD at Institute for Advanced Studies. The Exotic Technologies Institute will provide grants
to Alan C Holt for R&D and the creation of
COFERS space craft propulsion systems
|
